Urology is a branch of Surgery that handles all urinary problems in men, women and children and all reproductive problems in men, including:

1. Erectile dysfunction
2. Urinary or kidney stones
3. Prostate problems like benign enlargement that comes with age, prostatitis, prostate cancer (which is the commonest cancer seen in Nigeria)
4. Male infertility. In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) does not treat infertility, it only bypasses the problem. As much as possible, couples would prefer to have the problem completely solved and have their children naturally. In about half of the cases, infertility in a couple is due to male problems, the commonest of which is low sperm count. The commonest cause of low sperm count is  varicocoeles. Varicocoeles are distended, tortuous veins of the pampiniform plexus, which drains blood from the testis. Because they are abnormal, blood flow is  sluggish, and testicular nutrition and sperm cell production are impaired. Varicocoeles are so easy to treat. IVF becomes a last resort to the few who do not respond appropriately to treatment. The most effective modality of treatment is surgical.
5. Urogenital tumors e.g. cancer of the scrotum, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, cancer of the penis.
6. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common problems presenting to the Urology Clinic. Urinary Tract Infection is not sexually transmitted and must be differentiated from Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI), also called Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) which is always acquired when there is sexual contact. UTI or STI is not caused by toilet infection as many women claim. But UTI can occur spontaneously, not due to any environmental or sexual exposure. In men, it is always due to a pathological problem in the urinary tract
7. Sexually transmitted diseases
8. Urinary leakages e.g. urinary incontinence, vesico-vaginal fistulas as in some women after childbirth
9. Congenital defects of the urinary and reproductive tracts as seen in hermaphrodites, hypospadias, and epispadias. Some of these children look like male children externally but they are female internally. Some look like females externally but they are actually male children. It is important to determine the sex of the baby before a name is given. Sometimes we wait for the genital organs to grow a little more before we do reconstructive surgery at about 2 years of age. Appropriate surgery is done for the child to look like a normal male or female.
10. Congenital hernias
11. Urogenital trauma e.g. kidney injury, ruptured bladder, urethral injury.
12. Kidney Infection
13. Penile Curvature
14. Genital Injury
15. Prostate Inflammation
16. Haematuria
17. Retention of Urine, a condition where the urinary bladder can no longer empty completely
18. Cystitis, which could be infective or not due to bladder infection
19. Bedwetting
20. Vesico-ureteric reflux
21. Urinary Obstruction or any disturbance of the normal flow of urine from the kidney to the outside of the body, often caused by urethral stricture, ureteric stricture or stenosis; ureterocoeles, stone (also called calculus, urolith, urolithiasis). Calculi can occur in any part of the urinary tract and tend to cause a lot of pain.